Extremal points for a (n, p)-type Riemann–Liouville fractional-order boundary value problems

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to use the Krein–Rutman theorem to characterize extremal points for a (n, p)-type Riemann–Liouville fractional-order boundary value problem. The key premise is that a mapping from a linear, compact operatör to its spectral radius, which depends on =, is continuous and strictly increasing as a function of =. A nonlinear problem is also treated as an application of the result for the linear case’s extremal point.